Networking
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World Cybersecurity Forum (1st Quarterly Clubhouse Edition)
We held the first World Cybersecurity Forum this past week and it was a great success! The World Cybersecurity Forum was a 24-hour event held for the first time this year on Clubhouse! The event featured cyber experts from around the world, and was an event open to all with the mission of demystifying cyber, creating awareness and answering the public’s questions. The World Cybersecurity Forum believes that cybersecurity is EVERYONE’S responsibility. Organized by Jacqueline Jayne, Security Awareness Advocate at KnowBe4, Jacqueline or, JJ, for short, can be found on LinkedIn. The session aimed to bring the best minds together from around the world to talk about all things cyber.…
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IP Addresses, Subnet Masks, Subnetting, and Calculating Hosts
IPv4 IP addresses are a 32-bit (binary digit) value. IP addresses are just strings of 32 binary digits (bits!). ex: 11000000101010000000010000000010 Broken down into 4 groups of 8, separated by dots (periods/decimals). ex: 11000000.10101000.000001.00000010 Now each 8-bit value, octet, is converted to a decimal number between 0 and 255 (for a total a 256 options). So the above would translate to: ex: 192.168.4.2 This is “dotted decimal notation” aka “the dotted octet numbering system”. Tip: You should memorize that 0=00000000 and 255=11111111. You’ll find knowing this very helpful. Note: By definition, all computers on the same network have the same subnet mask and network ID. /24 is limited to IP…
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The TCP/IP Reference Model and Layers
The TCP/IP model is a more concise take on the OSI model. The TCP/IP model contains four layers: Process/Application Layer Host-to-Host/Transport Layer Internet Layer Network Access Layer/Link Layer Network Access Layer The Network Access Layer defines how to use the network to transmit an IP datagram, or unit of information packet. The Network Access Layer is: the lowest layer physical, data link, network a directly attached network the protocols provide the means for the system to deliver data to other directly (physically) attached network devices. must be able to know the details of the underlying network (packet structure, addressing, etc.) Gateways are devices that switch packets between different physical networks.…
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Notes To Know: “Fundamentals of Telecommunications” by Roger L. Freeman—Chapter 1 Introductory Concepts
(Note: This is an evolving, evergreen post.) Chapter 1–Introductory Concepts What is Telecommunication? “Communications at a distance.” —Webster Dictionary “The transmission of signals over long distance, such as by telegraph, radio or television.” —IEEE Standard Dictionary Telecommunications is one of those words that has broad scope, meaning and coverage. It can mean different things to different individuals. “Fundamentals of Telecommunications” brings forth the following definition: “Some take the view that telecommunications deals only with voice telephony, and the typical provider of this service is the local telephone company. We hold a wider interpretation. Telecommunications encompasses the electrical communication at a distance of voice, data, and image information (e.g., TV and…
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What is Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)?
Border Gateway Protocol is one of those foundational, core infrastructure protocols used by Internet users everyday but not top of mind for the average consumer or end-user. Border Gateway Protocol, or BGP, is a routing protocol. BGP is the primary protocol for the Internet, and is a Layer 4 Transport protocol that sits on top of TCP [2]. It’s purpose is to keep the various systems on the Internet up to date with the information needed to send and receive data traffic correctly. So, real quick in a nutshell, when information is sent around the Internet, that info is broken up into chunks of data called ‘packets’. Packets sent on…
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What is Softwarization?
Softwarization is appearing under the form of diverse technologies and models (Cloud Computing, Edge-Fog Computing, SDN, NFV) sharing the same common denominator: all network and service functions can be virtualized and dynamically allocated onto logical resources hosted onto an underneath physical infrastructure, fully decoupled. It concerns to develop in software any functions, logics, and methods capable of processing huge amounts of data by executed on (low cost) powerful hardware. via Softwarization: A Shift of Paradigm
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4). Intro to Hypervisor, Docker & Container Basics–(VMs) Virtual Machines [VIDEO]
There’s a great series of videos on YouTube giving a quick intro to telecommunication cloud basics. The videos feature Vikas Shokeen and are available in short 4-video series. The fourth one is below with some basic notes. 4). Intro to Hypervisor, Docker & Container Basics–(VMs) Virtual Machines [VIDEO] Docker Architecture See also: 1). Intro to Telco (Telecommunications Company) Cloud Basics, NFV, SDN, Architecture of Cloud Networks [VIDEO] 2). Intro to NFV (Network Function Virtualization) Basics–NFV Architecture, ETSI, NFV ManO [VIDEO] 3). Intro to SDN (Software Defined Networking) Basics–SDN & Openflow Architecture [VIDEO] Biblio: [1] vCloud NFV Reference Architecture [2] Tech Tutorial–Introduction to NFV: Network Function Virtualization [3] Introduction to Network…
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3). Intro to SDN (Software Defined Networking) Basics–SDN & Openflow Architecture [VIDEO]
Software defined networking (SDN) SDN (software defined networking) is highly correlated with NFV. SDN is a big deal in IT and Telecom. NFV is all about building up virtual platforms. SDN is about making IP networks more flexible, more customizable, more programmable so that packet routing is possible with lots of flexibility and agility. Imagine a router, a physical piece of hardware, specifically designed and manufactured for implementing software functions that allow us control over the delivery of our data packets at its core. SDN now allows us to extract the software function from the actual piece of hardware. Now, we can take this extracted software function and apply it…
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2). Intro to NFV (Network Functions Virtualization) Basic Concepts–NFV Architecture [VIDEO]
Network functions virtualization (NFV) Network functions virtualization (NFV) is a procedure that increases and improves network function by managing networks. NFV is an architectural framework providing a reference model where network functions are delivered through software…. The NFV framework was first developed by the ETSI (European Telecom Standards Institute) NFV Industry Specification Group set up in 2012. [1] There’s a lot of info on the internet about NFV and we culled together some sources through this post. Also, included is a great series of videos on YouTube giving a quick intro to telecommunication cloud basics. The videos feature Vikas Shokeen and are available in short 4-video series, with the second…
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1). Intro to Telco (Telecommunications Company) Cloud Basics, NFV, SDN, Architecture of Cloud Networks [VIDEO]
There’s a great series of videos on YouTube giving a quick intro to telecommunication cloud basics. The videos feature Vikas Shokeen and are available in short 4-video series. The first one is below with some basic notes. Architecture of Cloud Network for Telcos Telco–a telecommunications company (informal) Telecom–general telecommunications (informal) (Note: As with many terms in the tech industry, “telco” and “telecom” are sometimes used interchangeably in common-day speech. Don’t get too twisted up over it. Dig deep into what’s underneath.) Telco Cloud: Basics Introduction Why cloud? Mobile Operators Benefits Overview Cloud–a network “out there”. Properties of cloud networks Properties of cloud networks include: No Dedicated Hardware Shared Resources Convenient…
